關于在高中英語閱讀教學中滲透寫作教學的策略
馬麗華
一、 問題的描述
英語寫作在高考試卷中所占分值高達30分,同時高考作文評分標準也有所調整,過去強調要點和語言準確度,但是從2001年起,評分標準強調內容要點,語言的多樣性、連貫性和得體性,鼓勵學生在作文中嘗試語言的多樣化和復雜化。英語寫作無疑是高考中的重點考查項目,所以寫作教學在高中英語教學中占有相當重要的位置。然而筆者從事高中英語教學幾年來,發現當今中學生在學英語過程中,對寫作充滿畏難情緒,愛好不高,習作質量偏低。大部分考生的英語寫作能力令人擔憂,在高考中得分并不高,近幾年全省高考考生的英語寫作平均得分為13-15分左右(滿分30分)。問題主要表現在以下幾個方面:
1.學生準確使用詞匯、語法結構等的能力遠遠低于高考英語書面表達的要求。如:①一個句子多個謂語;②詞性的混用;③表達不夠地道,中式英文時有出現;④結構單一,詞匯級別較低,簡單句多,等等。基礎知識是否扎實是決定分數的關鍵。舉個簡單的例子,“5月1日”這個表達,錯誤的形式千姿百態,完全正確的極少,有的把五月寫成“June,March”等等,有的寫成“May 1”,“ the first day of May”,“May 1th” 等等,甚至連“高二(3)班”這個初中就應該掌握的表達都不會。所犯的錯誤到了讓人吃驚的地步,參加09浙江省書面表達評卷工作的老師感覺學生高中三年知識掌握得不夠扎實,初中的知識也完全忘記了。
2.學生缺乏良好的審題和謀篇布局的意識。①中心主旨不明,東拉西扯,想要眉毛胡子一把抓,卻什么也沒抓住;②缺乏整體謀劃,只是根據試題所提供的內容要點進行羅列,短文不夠流暢、簡潔。
3.基于平時老師訓練作文時灌輸的寫作套路,因此,套路式作文普遍,過度使用連接詞或套語,但在表達上卻不符合連接詞本身所含的邏輯關系或遞進關系。
4.學生的書寫習慣極大地影響學生在書面表達中取得理想的分數。
如下面這篇文章 (括號內為正確表達):
May 1(May 1st),two students called Li Yue and Zhang Hua come to(went to) the Sunshine Nursing Home to look after the olders (the older)from the middle school.
They take(took) fruits for olders(the older) to eat, and cleaning(cleaned) the rooms, and also saying with them(and also talked with them). Everyone in the Nursing Home were very happily(were very happy).
The olders(the older) said, they had never happier than today,(said that they had never been happier than that day), they think they have more and more younger(they are younger and younger).
In my opinion, it is a helpful thing for us to join in. It(We) could learn something that we couldn’t learning(learn) at school, like how to look after the olders(the older).
I hope this activity will pass away(be passed down) for ever.
書面表達是對學生從詞匯、語法和語篇三個層面進行考查,這兩篇例文在語言準確性和豐富性上存在許多問題,同時缺乏整體的謀劃,只是根據試題所提供的內容要點進行羅列,使短文不夠流暢、簡潔。這些問題直接影響著書面表達的整體質量,閱卷專家組對這兩篇文章最后評定的分數都在平均分以下(09浙江省書面表達平均分為14-15 左右)。
如何提高學生的寫作水平和促進寫作教學是英語教師亟待解決的一大難題。所以,在認識英語寫作重要性及當前學生寫作水平低下的大前提下,教師要采取切實有效的措施,把英語寫作滲透到常規課堂教學的每個環節(聽說讀寫),同時也要使學生意識到提高自己英語寫作水平的重要性和迫切性。
二、 原因的分析
寫作部分的得分率明顯偏低,書面表達能力離高考要求還有相當大的差距。形成這種差距的主要原因在于教學中教的原因,對寫的指導基本上是缺位的。根據筆者的初步研究分析和英語課堂教學的實踐發現,高中英語寫作教學中存在以下問題:
1.用“教”來代替“學”,“教”與“學”之間脫節等。調查表明:課堂70-80%的話語是教師話語,以教師講為主,教師問—學生答,單向的信息傳遞方式,學生無自由的思維空間,無自主體驗和探究的機會。
2.語言教學中的“去聲化”(不重視口頭表達訓練和語篇的誦讀)。學生課外學習時間大多花在背單詞、做模擬練習上,很少主動做課外閱讀、練口語或進行寫作。
3.語言輸入與輸出脫節、不一致,忽視教學中輸入與輸出之間的吸納環節。信息上注重輸入,忽略提取。教學中重點落在了聽與讀的輸入,而忽略了說和寫的輸出,使學生所習得的語言信息成為一潭死水,組織思維能力和表達能力都受到了抑制。如大多數教師在分析語篇閱讀理解時,往往只是停留在第一個層面,即分析大意、細節;很少在此基礎上進行第二個層面的分析,如語篇段落之間的關系,為什么這樣建構,有哪些好的語言表達方式等。
4.教學安排上沒有做好書面表達由點到面的不同階段的系統訓練,而只是些零星的寫作練習,寫作教學帶有很大的隨意性,并且訓練次數嚴重不夠,檢查措施不得力。這違背了外語教學循序漸進的原則。
5.指導上實行“包辦”,忽視點撥。作文批改完后,沒有給學生充裕的自行訂正、思考的時間,評析典型錯誤的教學環節設計較少,一般只是稍作點評,給出明確的更正后便讓他們背范文。這便無形中助長了學生依賴習慣的養成,使學生喪失思考、推敲、更正、重視、謀篇的思維訓練過程。
三、解決上述問題的策略和具體措施
針對上列問題,為了幫助學生克服畏難情緒,逐步培養他們書面表達的愛好和能力,提高其寫作質量,在此筆者著重以在提高學生閱讀能力的同時有效滲透寫作教學策略為著眼點來加強英語寫作教學和提高學生寫作能力。
1.采取這一策略的原因——英語閱讀與英語寫作的關系密切
在英語學習中,閱讀對提高語言綜合能力的作用歷來受到廣泛認同。在注重培養學生語言實際交際能力的今天,閱讀更是中學階段英語學科教學的主體和核心。閱讀也是培養學生英語應用能力的一種重要形式,和寫作一樣屬于書面能力。閱讀要求的是理解和領悟能力,寫作要求的是運用和表達能力。讀和寫的關系相當密切,互為促進。只有通過閱讀的逐步領會,才能轉化為寫作的正確表達。而閱讀教學就是學生在教師的組織引導下,學習閱讀材料中涵蓋的語言知識,理解材料內容,從而提高閱讀效率。英語閱讀教學對培養和提高學生的寫作能力有著非常重要的影響。Krashen認為二語習得最好的課堂應該給學生提供大量有趣的、可理解的、與學生有關的輸入。沒有一定的目的語的輸入,輸出很難產生。英語閱讀對英語寫作的影響:
(1)英語閱讀教學可以為寫作儲備豐富的語言知識;
(2)英語閱讀教學可以培養寫作技能;
(3)英語閱讀教學可以培養學生的語感;
(4)英語閱讀教學可以提供廣泛的寫作素材。
透過英語閱讀與英語寫作之間的影響,筆者希望能為培養學生英語寫作興趣和提高寫作水平找出一條切實有效的途徑。
2. 采取的具體措施
在此,筆者具體以人教版英語必修1 Unit 4 Earthquakes--Reading為例,就如何在英語閱讀教學中有效滲透寫作教學策略進行展示,以達到閱讀與寫作相互促進、同步發展的目的。
具體教學步驟:
I.Lead in by asking:
May 12th, 2008 is a special day for Chinese people, especially for Sichuan natives. Why?
A terrible earthquake ________ Wenchuan on May 12th, 2008.
Suggested answers: happened in/hit/struck/shook
(一意多詞旨在擴充學生詞匯量)
展示圖片及視頻,生動形象地讓學生感觸汶川地震的慘重后果。
More than 60,000 people lost their lives.
More people are left homeless.
The whole city lay in ruins.
All of us were shocked at the sight.(盡可能多地在課堂上呈現好詞好句)
But all hope was not lost.(此句為本課中心及重要句型)
The Chinese government tried its best to take measures(采取措施) to help them out.(配以恰當圖片,利于學生理解句子意思及進行缺詞填空)
Leaders went to the spot(現場) to give them c________ and e____________.
R_______ soldiers were sent to help dig out the t_______ and bury the d______.
S_______ were built for survivors whose homes were d_______.
Water,food, clothes and money were donated(捐贈) by m _______of people from all parts of the world.
Do you know any other serious earthquake that happened before?
Tangshan earthquake(自然而然引出本課話題)
II.Reading --- A night the earth didn’t sleep
What:
(i)Main ideaWhen:
Where:
How many parts can the text be pided into? How?
What’s the main idea of each part?
Structure of the passage
Part 1 Paragraph 1 signs before
Part 2 Paragraph 2&3 damage duringthe earthquake
Part 3 Paragraph 4 rescue after
In what order is the text organized? (In time order)
(先從整體把握課文主要內容和結構,培養學生獲得文章主旨大意的能力和掌握文章結構脈絡的能力)
(ii) Careful reading (獲取課文細節以達到理解全文的目的,旨在培養學生獲取文章細節的能力)
What strange things happened before the earthquake? (para.1)
(先讓學生描述圖片on page 25,再展示para.1的內容,讓進行學生缺詞填空。)
Signs before the earthquake ______things were happening in the countryside in northeast Hebei. The water in the wells ____and ____. A _____ gas came out of the cracks. The chickens and pigs were too _____ to _____. Fish ______out of the bowls and ponds. Mice ____ out of the fields. At _____ am on July 28, 1976, people saw ______ _______ in the sky. There were sounds like those of planes. Water pipes cracked and_______.
But people thought little of these events and were asleep as usual.
Damage caused by the earthquake (這部分主要是展現課文上的大量的單詞及詞組:destroy, brick, dam, track, useless, shake, rescue, trap, elctricity, tens of thousands of, half a million, fall down and so on.)
Part 3 Rescue (這部分旨在培養學生謀篇布局的能力)
All hope was not lost. topic
Firstly, the army …
Secondly, the army …Supporting details
Thirdly, workers … Last, fresh water …
Slowly, the city began to breathe again.conclusion
(iii) a. Summary (結合高考新題型:缺詞填空)
Several days before July 28, 1976, many s____ things happened in Tangshan. They were signs for the e_____. But people in the city of Tangshan didn’t think m _____of these. At 3:42 am that day, the earth began to s_____, which d________ the city. Many people, including workers and doctors ,came to r ____ those t_____ under the ruins. Later that afternoon, another big earthquake struck Tangshan. More people were killed or i_____ and more buildings f____ down. Soldiers were called in to help the rescue workers. Teams were organized to dig out the trapped and b_____ the dead.
b.Consolidation:(在幫助學生獲悉文章主旨大意和細節內容的基礎上,再給與學生配套的選擇題,以使學生了解高考閱讀理解題的不同題型并授予學生解題方法)
1. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?(細節理解題)
A. Such a great number of people died because the quake happened while they were working.
B. One third of the people died or were injured during the earthquake.
C. Workers rescued most of the 10,000 coal miners to the south of the city.
D. Almost everything in Tangshan was destroyed.
2. From the passage we can learn that ______.(細節推斷題)
A. All the hospitals, factories and buildings hadn’t been destroyed.
B. People of the city had already known there would be an earthquake because of the strange things.
C. Only supply of water and electricity was cut off.
D. There was no hope for the city to recover from the earthquake.
3. All of the following are true EXCEPT______?(推斷題)
A. Where there is love , there is hope.
B. There is no way for us to reduce the losses caused by the earthquake.
C. An earthquake can cause great damage to stricken areas.
D. We can overcome any difficulties as long as we unite together.
4.What does the title A NIGHT THE EARTH DIDN’T SLEEP mean?(主旨大意題)
A. The earth was awake all night long.
B. People on the earth couldn’t fall asleep that night.
C. The earth shook like crazy that night.
D. Animals on the earth would not sleep at night.
(iv)a. Free talk (培養學生的組織思維能力和表達能力)
What can you learn from Tangshan people and the earthquake?
All hope was not lost.
Though the disasters destroy buildings and people’s lives, they can not destroy the love among us.
① Where there is life, there is hope.
Where there is love, there is hope.
② There is kindness to be found everywhere.
③ Many hands make light work.
④ Nothing is difficult to the man who will try.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
Love makes wonders!(盡可能多渠道地給學生提供各種好句子,包括諺語、俗語)
b. Interview
Situation: Suppose you were one of the survivors in the May 12 earthquake, a reporter is interviewing you what you have experienced during the earthquake.
1.The signs before the earthquake.
2. The damage.
3. The rescue work after the earthquake.
You can begin like this:
R: Nice to meet you.
S: Nice to meet you, too.
R: I still remember the May 12th earthquake that happened in Sichaun and many people were shocked at the sight. As a survivor, can you talk about it for us?
S: Luckily, I survived the earthquake. It was so terrible. Actually, there were some warning signs before the earthquake…
…
(在讀的“輸入”的基礎上進行說和寫的“輸出”:利用文章體裁及篇章結構,進行話題的深度表達訓練與篇章結構的模仿寫作。)
本課設計思路和理念:
首先,這是一節閱讀課,內容是關于唐山地震。所以,筆者就以眾所周知的“5?12汶川地震”作為本節課的導入,引出話題,并引起學生興趣,使學生有話可說。在導入部分,筆者展現了汶川地震的嚴重后果及政府等對此所做的救援措施,與課文內容密切相關,為展示課文內容做好了鋪墊,然后就自然而然引入本節課的話題——唐山地震。閱讀部分,筆者采取總分總的方法,先從整體上把握文章主題及結構——讓學生概括主要意思及分段,然后再對每部分進行分析,以獲取細節信息,再以summary的形式對文章進行總結,配以高考題型——多項選擇題,讓學生進一步把握文章的主要內容及細節。在思想感情教育方面,本課以“All hope was not lost.”貫穿始終,讓學生明白:“Where there is love, there is hope. Love makes wonders.”最后,筆者以Interview收尾——讓學生描述汶川地震的前兆、破壞及救援,使整堂課首尾呼應,輸入轉為輸出,培養學生模仿課文寫作的能力,真正做到閱讀教學與寫作教學相結合。本課還穿插了圖片和視頻,意在提高學生興趣及幫助學生更好地理解課文內容。此外,本節課充分體現閱讀教學與寫作教學密切結合,還在于這節課基本展現了本單元所有的重點詞匯,并且在此基礎上加以擴展補充,以鞏固學生基礎知識。整節課旨在提高學生閱讀能力的同時,培養學生的寫作能力,真正做到閱讀與寫作相互促進、同步發展。長久如此,學生就能慢慢養成正確的閱讀習慣,最終將會比較有效地提高他們的閱讀能力,與此同時培養學生的寫作水平。
在把寫作教學有效滲透到課堂閱讀教學的基礎上,課后要多讀、多背好文章。俗話說:“熟讀唐詩三百首,不會作詩也會吟”,對于英語文章也是這樣。在平時的學習中應該多讀一些好文章、好句子、諺語、俗語,以激發學生興趣,幫助理解,這樣對書面表達能起到畫龍點睛的作用。而這些好的句子、好的文章其實往往就在我們身邊,只是我們沒有在意而已。在加強課內外閱讀的基礎上,平時要進行分體裁指導寫作。每周進行約30-40分鐘的限時寫作訓練:審題——自列提綱——寫作——交流、互評及點評—背誦范文;每周至少一篇給材料(或開放型)寫作。
四、總結
在閱讀教學中滲透寫作教學這一策略是以在提高學生閱讀理解能力的同時,提供給學生廣泛的寫作素材及多種寫作途徑,從而逐漸培養學生英語寫作的興趣及提高學生的寫作水平為目標的。寫作水平的提高是一個循序漸進的過程,只有通過教師正確科學的引導,學生才會在意識上重視寫作;也只有教師用積極有效的方法去影響學生的學習策略,學生才會形成積極的學習態度,進而將為新課標的落實提供鮮活的理論素材和建構科學的實踐模式。