華北地區(qū)水循環(huán)與水資源安全-問題與挑戰(zhàn)
夏 軍
5. 展望
長(zhǎng)期以來,華北地區(qū)高強(qiáng)度的人類活動(dòng)和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與生態(tài)環(huán)境之間總是存在不可避免的沖突和矛盾,尤其是近50年來。有否二者共享的協(xié)調(diào)途徑呢?從宏觀的戰(zhàn)略方面,可持續(xù)發(fā)展的理念為解決這對(duì)矛盾提供了準(zhǔn)則。生態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的價(jià)值觀為構(gòu)建有利于華北地區(qū)自身環(huán)境的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,提供了實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展模式的可能。為了真正解決華北缺水問題,提出有效的環(huán)境修復(fù)對(duì)策,除了要有新的思路之外,重視日趨嚴(yán)重水的問題的科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)研究和針對(duì)國(guó)家重大需求的應(yīng)用研究十分重要。
在未來的十年內(nèi),華北水資源已經(jīng)與水相關(guān)的生態(tài)環(huán)境修復(fù)研究,可望在水循環(huán)基礎(chǔ)研究、水生態(tài)環(huán)境演變及社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)用水研究,和綜合集成模擬、調(diào)控與修復(fù)對(duì)策研究三個(gè)層面上有所進(jìn)展,系統(tǒng)關(guān)系如圖1所示意。
水循環(huán)基礎(chǔ)層面上,將會(huì)注重于:
(1) 華北地區(qū)干旱及生態(tài)演變的氣候背景研究
(2) 華北典型山區(qū)徑流變化及環(huán)境影響的水循環(huán)機(jī)理研究
(3) 華北典型城市地區(qū)水環(huán)境變化與地下水可再生性研究
(4) 華北典型平原農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)環(huán)境變化及水循環(huán)機(jī)理研究
(5) 變化環(huán)境中的流域水循環(huán)及分布式模型研究。
在水生態(tài)環(huán)境演變及社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)用水層面上,將會(huì)注重于:
(1) 華北地區(qū)現(xiàn)代生態(tài)環(huán)境系統(tǒng)的形成過程與演變機(jī)理研究
(2) 華北地區(qū)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型下用水規(guī)律研究和華北地區(qū)生態(tài)變化的安全閾值與修復(fù)目標(biāo)研究。
在水資源安全和生態(tài)環(huán)境修復(fù)對(duì)策層面上,將會(huì)針對(duì)南水北調(diào)重大工程和北方節(jié)水問題,注重于:
(1) 水-生態(tài)-社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)合系統(tǒng)綜合集成研究
(2) 解決華北地區(qū)缺水及生態(tài)修復(fù)的調(diào)控對(duì)策研究。
為此,以北京為首的城市地區(qū)供水以及水資源可持續(xù)利用問題、華北水資源耗用大戶的農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)水潛力和日趨急迫的華北地區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整問題將會(huì)放到十分突出的地位。以面向生態(tài)環(huán)境的水資源安全基礎(chǔ)研究和應(yīng)用研究可望有新的突破和進(jìn)展。
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Perspective on Hydrological Base of Water Security Problem and its Application study in North China
Abstract: The issue of water shortage and related eco-environmental degradation in the North China is one of the major emergency problems in China. As runoff generated from mountain area is significant decreased and over developing water resources, it result in serious water and eco-environmental problems,such as drying-up of river system, ground water decline, lake & wetland degradation, and water pollution in plain area etc. It was shown in the case of Haihe River Basin that among the total rivers of 10,000 km, the rivers of 4,000 km have been turned to be seasonal rivers. Comparing with the beginning of 1950s, the wetland area within the Basin decreased from 10,000 km2 to 1,000 km2 at present. Over-extraction of groundwater, this area covers nearly 90,000 km2, 70% of the plain areas. Comparing with that of the end of 1950s, the accumulated over-extracted groundwater is 90 billion m3. Water and soil loss area in mountainous region:110,000 km2, rating two thirds of the mountainous area. The sandstorms induced by desertification endangering Beijing and other cities. Thus, the problems of water shortage and related eco-environmental issues in North China have become the most significant issue to impact sustainable development in this very important region that are political, cultural and economic center of China. This paper addresses these emergent issues by the case study of Haihe River Basin in North China. The new advantage on water international study and background of causing these problems from natural change and particular human activity are analyzed. Key points are addressed as four aspects:(a) the study of the water cycle process impacted by high intensity human activity, that is quite different from that in natural water cycle, (b) water utilization related to new economic partner change, such as saving water model, (c) study on eco-hydrology, and interaction of water and ecology impacted by climate change and human activity, (d) reasonable water allocation that including Water Diversion from South to North and saving water issue in local areas. Several suggestions of both study on the water cycle, which is a very important base of water security in North China, and application study of water resources and eco-environmental rehabilitation are proposed. These key issues will benefit to both advantage of water science and sustainable developing in China.
Key words: water cycle, water resources, water security, North China, ecological change